我查了一下,要点:
1、“判例法”和“习惯法”的区分与混淆
在严格意义上,“判例法”是指英国公元1000年左右成形的一个法律体系。“判例法”的主要基础是日耳曼习惯法。
“从国别上看,英国法律受日耳曼法的影响更大一些,因为英国法律主要形式和构成部分是普通法,是以日耳曼法的一个分支盎格鲁撒克逊习惯为基础形成和发展起来的,恩格斯称英国法为“传播于世界各大洲的唯一的日耳曼法”。近代法国和德国也受日耳曼法影响”
(见:2007年10月自考“外国法制史”串讲资料(5)
http://www.zikao365.com/html/4_21_25/2007_11_7_xm8927213119171170024557_0.htm
2、习惯法
习惯法具有悠久的历史渊源。在这个网页上有一些论述:
http://jim.com/custom.htm
摘要:
“Customary law is recognized, not because it is backed by the power of some strong individual or institution, but because each individual recognizes the benefits of behaving in accordance with other individuals\' expectations, _given_ that others also behave as he expects. Alternatively, if a minority coercively imposes law from above, then that law will require much more force to maintain social order than is required when law develops from the bottom through mutual recognition and acceptance.
“Fuller suggested three conditions that make a duty clear and acceptable to those affected:
First, the relationship of reciprocity out of which the duty arises must result from a voluntary agreement between the parties immediately affected; they themselves \"create\" the duty. Second, the reciprocal performances of the parties must in some sense be equal in value. ... We cannot here speak of an exact identity, for it makes no sense at all to exchange, say, a book or idea in return for exactly the same book or idea. The bond of reciprocity unites men, not simply in spite of their differences but because of their differences. ... Third, the relationships within the society must be sufficiently fluid so that the same duty you owe me today, I may owe you tomorrow — in other words, the relationship of duty must in theory and in practice be reversible. ”
3、Kings always make every bit of effort to replace Customary Law with Code Law. |